首先，该领域存在资本与技术的双重壁垒。建设一条先进的晶圆制造产线需要上百亿美元的投资。其中的核心设备，如ASML的EUV光刻机、应用材料的刻蚀机等，是高度复杂的技术产品。ASML是全球唯一的EUV光刻机供应商，其市场地位使其成为“半导体供应链中最不可替代的公司”之一。这些设备的研发需要长期的资本投入、专业人才和精密的供应链支持，形成了其他商业模式难以在短期内复制的竞争壁垒。
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